Recrossing the Hindu Kush, probably by Bamiyan and the Ghorband Valley, Alexander divided his forces. At the peak of his power, the Hellenistic Empire was the most powerful in the world, and Alexander the Great … Ten thousand veterans were now sent back to Macedonia with gifts, and the crisis was surmounted. Alexander von Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg was born 1 August 1893 in Tatoi, Greece to Constantine I of Greece (1868-1923) and Sophie von Preußen (1870-1932) and died 25 October 1920 in Athens, Greece of sepsis. King Alexander of Greece. He founded two cities there, Alexandria Nicaea (to celebrate his victory) and Bucephala (named after his horse Bucephalus, which died there); and Porus became his ally. At Susa Alexander held a feast to celebrate the seizure of the Persian empire, at which, in furtherance of his policy of fusing Macedonians and Persians into one master race, he and 80 of his officers took Persian wives; he and Hephaestion married Darius’s daughters Barsine (also called Stateira) and Drypetis, respectively, and 10,000 of his soldiers with native wives were given generous dowries. His advance eastward was now rapid. Leaving Parmenio in Syria, Alexander advanced south without opposition until he reached Gaza on its high mound; there bitter resistance halted him for two months, and he sustained a serious shoulder wound during a sortie. The second son of King Constantine I Alexander was born in the summer palace of Tatoi on the outskirts of Athens. He thereupon prepared to use all methods of siegecraft to take it, but the Tyrians resisted, holding out for seven months. He murdered Cleitus, one of his most-trusted commanders, in a drunken quarrel, but his excessive display of remorse led the army to pass a decree convicting Cleitus posthumously of treason. Two years later he commanded the left wing at the Battle of Chaeronea, in which Philip defeated the allied Greek states, and displayed personal courage in breaking the Sacred Band of Thebes, an elite military corps composed of 150 pairs of lovers. The fleet was commanded by Nearchus, and Alexander’s own captain was Onesicritus; both later wrote accounts of the campaign. While the siege of Tyre was in progress, Darius sent a new offer: he would pay a huge ransom of 10,000 talents for his family and cede all his lands west of the Euphrates. Local opposition led Nearchus to set sail in September (325), and he was held up for three weeks until he could pick up the northeast monsoon in late October. Alexander’s father build up a strong and united empire in Ancient Greece. This policy of racial fusion brought increasing friction to Alexander’s relations with his Macedonians, who had no sympathy for his changed concept of the empire. Alexander; King of the Hellenes; Reign: 11 June 1917 – 25 October 1920: Predecessor: Constantine I: Successor: Constantine I: Prime Ministers: See list . From Phrada, Alexander pressed on during the winter of 330–329 up the valley of the Helmand River, through Arachosia, and over the mountains past the site of modern Kābul into the country of the Paropamisadae, where he founded Alexandria by the Caucasus. As a teenager, Alexander became known for his exploits on the battlefield. King Alexander of Greece in Bandirma.jpg 1,313 × 992; 305 KB. Much work fell on the lightarmed Cretan and Macedonian archers, Thracians, and the Agrianian javelin men. Today marks the Centenary of the Death of King Alexander of Greece, who died on this day in 1920! Later in the same year he attacked Oxyartes and the remaining barons who held out in the hills of Paraetacene (modern Tajikistan); volunteers seized the crag on which Oxyartes had his stronghold, and among the captives was his daughter, Roxana. Corrections? Alexander of Greece Net Worth, Age, Height, Weight, Body Measurements, Dating, Marriage, Relationship Stats, Family, Career, Wiki.Scroll below and check our most recent updates about about Alexander of Greece's Biography, Salary, Estimated Net worth, Expenses, Income Reports & Financial Breakdown 2020! Shortly afterward, at Bactra, he attempted to impose the Persian court ceremonial, involving prostration (proskynesis), on the Greeks and Macedonians too, but to them this custom, habitual for Persians entering the king’s presence, implied an act of worship and was intolerable before a human. The following spring at Babylon he received complimentary embassies from the Libyans and from the Bruttians, Etruscans, and Lucanians of Italy; but the story that embassies also came from more distant peoples, such as Carthaginians, Celts, Iberians, and even Romans, is a later invention. After taking Byblos (modern Jubayl) and Sidon (Arabic Ṣaydā), he met with a check at Tyre, where he was refused entry into the island city. While he could be ruthless and impulsive, Alexander was also charismatic and sensible. One of the world’s greatest military generals, he created a vast empire that stretched from Macedonia to Egypt and from Greece to part of India. If Plutarch’s figure of 120,000 men has any reality, however, it must include all kinds of auxiliary services, together with muleteers, camel drivers, medical corps, peddlers, entertainers, women, and children; the fighting strength perhaps stood at about 35,000. Alexander of Greece and the hopeless Randomness of it all. There is no basis for the tradition that he turned aside to visit Jerusalem. He founded the city of Alexandria near the western arm of the Nile on a fine site between the sea and Lake Mareotis, protected by the island of Pharos, and had it laid out by the Rhodian architect Deinocrates. His vast empire stretched east into India. In 326, when his beloved horse died, he renamed a city in India/Pakistan, on the banks of the Hydaspes (Jhelum) river, for Bucephalus. There was an open mutiny involving all but the royal bodyguard; but when Alexander dismissed his whole army and enrolled Persians instead, the opposition broke down. Alexander vs. the Greeks. Half the army with the baggage under Hephaestion and Perdiccas, both cavalry commanders, was sent through the Khyber Pass, while he himself led the rest, together with his siege train, through the hills to the north. At Phrada in Drangiana (either near modern Nad-e ʿAli in Seistan or farther north at Farah), he at last took steps to destroy Parmenio and his family. Alexander now occupied Babylon, city and province; Mazaeus, who surrendered it, was confirmed as satrap in conjunction with a Macedonian troop commander, and quite exceptionally was granted the right to coin. All Parmenio’s adherents were now eliminated and men close to Alexander promoted. He died from a monkey bite. This victory exposed western Asia Minor to the Macedonians, and most cities hastened to open their gates. Alexander was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia in July 356 BC. His troops were extremely loyal, believing in him throughout all hardships. When the Thebans refused to surrender, he made an entry and razed their city to the ground, sparing only temples and Pindar’s house; 6,000 were killed and all survivors sold into slavery. Shortly afterward, father and son were reconciled and Alexander returned, but his position as heir was jeopardized. He gave his sister for marriage to the Persian general Bubares, in the late 6th century BC who was in Macedon at the time, in order to stop him from searching for Persian soldiers who had been killed by Alexander's men following his commands. The total land area of Greece (one-fifth of which is made up of the Greek…, King, a supreme ruler, sovereign over a nation or a territory, of higher rank than any other secular ruler except an emperor, to whom a king may be subject. In Caria, Halicarnassus resisted and was stormed, but Ada, the widow and sister of the satrap Idrieus, adopted Alexander as her son and, after expelling her brother Pixodarus, Alexander restored her to her satrapy. The Thessalians and Greek allies were sent home; henceforward he was waging a purely personal war. Conquest of the Mediterranean coast and Egypt, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-the-Great, History World - History of Alexander The Great, The Mariner's Museum and Park - Ages of Exploration - Biography of Alexander the Great, JewishEncyclopedia.com - Biography of Alexander The Great, Social Studies for Kids - Biography of Alexander the Great, Livius - Biography of Alexander the Great, PBS LearningMedia - The Rise of Alexander the Great, Ancient History Encyclopedia - Biography of Alexander the Great, Alexander the Great - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Alexander the Great - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander III or Alexander of Macedonia, (born 356 bce, Pella, Macedonia [northwest of Thessaloníki, Greece]—died June 13, 323 bce, Babylon [near Al-Ḥillah, Iraq]), king of Macedonia (336–323 bce), who overthrew the Persian empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms. An incident that occurred at Maracanda widened the breach between Alexander and many of his Macedonians. In the battle that followed, Alexander won a decisive victory. Author of. Ideal für alle die, die während Ihres Urlaubs die griechische Kultur kennen lernen möchten oder das Nachtleben von Kassandra mit der Ruhe vom Hotel kombinieren möchten. en The outbreak of World War I and the overthrow of her father by the Allies in 1917 permanently marked her and also separated her from her favorite brother, the young Alexander I of Greece. In the 5th century Athens , this issue was important enough for a law determining that no longer was one parent (the father) enough: both parents had to be from Athens for their child to bear Athenian citizenship. In autumn 324 Hephaestion died in Ecbatana, and Alexander indulged in extravagant mourning for his closest friend; he was given a royal funeral in Babylon with a pyre costing 10,000 talents. Alexander was King of Greece from 11 June 1917 until his death from the effects of a monkey bite at the age of 27. From his accession Alexander had set his mind on the Persian expedition. Mountains historically restricted internal communications, but the sea opened up wider horizons. Beliebtes und gut geführtes Hotel mit einem 5 stockigen Haupthaus mit völlig renovierte Zimmer und Bungalows. Alexander spread Greek culture throughout the Persian Empire, including parts of Asia and Africa. Once again, the Greek royals were refused permission to return to Greece, and … Both kings were murdered, Arrhidaeus in 317 and Alexander in 310/309. Alexander sent his body for burial with due honours in the royal tombs at Persepolis. At Memphis Alexander sacrificed to Apis, the Greek term for Hapi, the sacred Egyptian bull, and was crowned with the traditional double crown of the pharaohs; the native priests were placated and their religion encouraged. After a skirmish near modern Shāhrūd, the usurper had Darius stabbed and left him to die. How much Alexander knew of India beyond the Hyphasis (probably the modern Beas) is uncertain; there is no conclusive proof that he had heard of the Ganges. Alexandros Zaimis Eleftherios Venizelos; Born 1 August 1893 Tatoi Palace, Greece: Died: 25 October 1920 (aged 27) Athens, Greece: Burial: 29 October 1920. His conquest of Egypt had completed his control of the whole eastern Mediterranean coast. The Persian plan to tempt Alexander across the river and kill him in the melee almost succeeded; but the Persian line broke, and Alexander’s victory was complete. For the ancient king, see Alexander the Great. Following up Nearchus’s voyage, he now founded an Alexandria at the mouth of the Tigris and made plans to develop sea communications with India, for which an expedition along the Arabian coast was to be a preliminary. His advance through Swāt and Gandhāra was marked by the storming of the almost impregnable pinnacle of Aornos, the modern Pir-Sar, a few miles west of the Indus and north of the Buner River, an impressive feat of siegecraft. King Alexander of Greece.jpg 263 × 347; 31 KB. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Parmenio was also left behind in Media to control communications; the presence of this older man had perhaps become irksome. Bessus was captured, flogged, and sent to Bactra, where he was later mutilated after the Persian manner (losing his nose and ears); in due course he was publicly executed at Ecbatana. Alexander was the son of Amyntas I and Queen Eurydice (Greek: Εὐρυδίκη).He had a sister named Gygaea (Greek: Γυγαίη).. In midsummer 330 Alexander set out for the eastern provinces at a high speed via Rhagae (modern Rayy, near Tehrān) and the Caspian Gates, where he learned that Bessus, the satrap of Bactria, had deposed Darius. Crossing the Hindu Kush northward over the Khawak Pass (11,650 feet [3,550 metres]), Alexander brought his army, despite food shortages, to Drapsaca (sometimes identified with modern Banu [Andarab], probably farther north at Qunduz); outflanked, Bessus fled beyond the Oxus (modern Amu Darya), and Alexander, marching west to Bactra-Zariaspa (modern Balkh [Wazirabad] in Afghanistan), appointed loyal satraps in Bactria and Aria. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Alexander, (born July 20, 1893, Athens—died Oct. 25, 1920, Tatoi Palace, near Athens), king of Greece from 1917 to 1920. He was born in Pella in 356 BC and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20. Actions lead to reactions, simple right? Alexander of Greece : biography 1 August 1893 – 25 October 1920 Two days later, Alexander’s body was conveyed to Athens Cathedral where it lay in state, until his funeral on 29 October. In winter 334–333 Alexander conquered western Asia Minor, subduing the hill tribes of Lycia and Pisidia, and in spring 333 he advanced along the coastal road to Perga, passing the cliffs of Mount Climax, thanks to a fortunate change of wind. “Alexander creates a propaganda campaign that the Macedonians are invading Persia on behalf of the Greeks, even though Macedon wasn’t part of Greece and didn’t fight on the side of Greece … It took Alexander until the autumn of 328 to crush the most determined opponent he encountered in his campaigns. His body, diverted to Egypt by Ptolemy, the later king, was eventually placed in a golden coffin in Alexandria. In June Alexander fought his last great battle on the left bank of the Hydaspes. At length, at the Amanis, he was rejoined by Nearchus and the fleet, which also had suffered losses. The empire could hardly survive Alexander’s death as a unit. From age 13 to 16 he was taught by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who inspired his interest in philosophy, medicine, and scientific investigation. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through western Asiaand northeast Africa, and b… A decree brought by Nicanor to Europe and proclaimed at Olympia (September 324) required the Greek cities of the Greek League to receive back all exiles and their families (except the Thebans), a measure that implied some modification of the oligarchic regimes maintained in the Greek cities by Alexander’s governor Antipater. Susa, the capital, also surrendered, releasing huge treasures amounting to 50,000 gold talents; here Alexander established Darius’s family in comfort. After conquering cities, Alexander the Great would name them after himself. His parents were Philip II of Macedon and his wife Olympias. At Gordium in Phrygia, tradition records his cutting of the Gordian knot, which could only be loosed by the man who was to rule Asia; but this story may be apocryphal or at least distorted. His post of chiliarch (grand vizier) was left unfilled. 00:00:00 Introduction : Alexander of Greece 00:01:58 Part 1: Early life 00:03:52 Part 2: Military career 00:05:03 Chapter 1: Courtship of Aspasia Manos 00:06:19 Chapter 2: World War I … He Darius’s death left no obstacle to Alexander’s claim to be Great King, and a Rhodian inscription of this year (330) calls him “lord of Asia”—i.e., of the Persian empire; soon afterward his Asian coins carry the title of king. Böngésszen milliónyi szót és kifejezést a világ minden nyelvén. King Willem-Alexander and Queen Maxima of the Netherlands. We like to feel that we understand the why in the world around us. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. WikiMatrix. He planned to lead part of his forces back by land, while the rest in perhaps 100 to 150 ships under the command of Nearchus, a Cretan with naval experience, made a voyage of exploration along the Persian Gulf. This ruthless action excited widespread horror but strengthened Alexander’s position relative to his critics and those whom he regarded as his father’s men. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. at Tatoi near Athens, the second son of Constantine I and his wife, Sophie of Prussia.. Alexander I, King of the Hellenes (1 August 1893 - 25 October 1920) ruled Greece from 1917-1920.. He also displayed a deep interest in learning and encouraged the spread of Hellenistic culture. Alexander respected the local cultures he conquered, and allowed their customs to continue. An emotional scene of reconciliation was followed by a vast banquet with 9,000 guests to celebrate the ending of the misunderstanding and the partnership in government of Macedonians and Persians—but not, as has been argued, the incorporation of all the subject peoples as partners in the commonwealth. No heir had been appointed to the throne, and his generals adopted Philip II’s half-witted illegitimate son, Philip Arrhidaeus, and Alexander’s posthumous son by Roxana, Alexander IV, as kings, sharing out the satrapies among themselves, after much bargaining. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. He spent the winter organizing Egypt, where he employed Egyptian governors, keeping the army under a separate Macedonian command. In reply to a letter from Darius offering peace, Alexander replied arrogantly, recapitulating the historic wrongs of Greece and demanding unconditional surrender to himself as lord of Asia. With a good cavalry force Alexander could expect to defeat any Persian army. Philotas, Parmenio’s son, commander of the elite Companion cavalry, was implicated in an alleged plot against Alexander’s life, condemned by the army, and executed; and a secret message was sent to Cleander, Parmenio’s second in command, who obediently assassinated him. After Alexander's father Philip was assassinated by the captain of his own bodyguards in 336 BC, Alexander assumed the leadership of Macedonia at the age of 20. “I would accept,” Parmenio is reported to have said, “were I Alexander”; “I too,” was the famous retort, “were I Parmenio.” The storming of Tyre in July 332 was Alexander’s greatest military achievement; it was attended with great carnage and the sale of the women and children into slavery. Alexander the Great was born in July 365 BCE in Pella, the capital of Ancient Macedonia, which now sits within modern Greece. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The exploits of the Ten Thousand, Greek soldiers of fortune, and of Agesilaus of Sparta, in successfully campaigning in Persian territory had revealed the vulnerability of the Persian empire. While in Babylon, Alexander became ill after a prolonged banquet and drinking bout, and on June 13, 323, he died at age 33. For a long time his mind had dwelt on ideas of godhead. Alexander was the son of Philip II and Olympias (daughter of King Neoptolemus of Epirus). From Issus Alexander marched south into Syria and Phoenicia, his object being to isolate the Persian fleet from its bases and so to destroy it as an effective fighting force. Kodza Déré River Railway 031 Région d'Isvor - visite dans le Decauville, le roi de Grèce et les généraux Guillaumat et Jérôme, 13 février 1918.jpg 669 × 404; 63 KB. In November 332 he reached Egypt. After visiting Ilium (Troy), a romantic gesture inspired by Homer, he confronted his first Persian army, led by three satraps, at the Granicus (modern Kocabaş) River, near the Sea of Marmara (May/June 334). For us, parentage is paramount. Peucestas, the new governor of Persis, gave this policy full support to flatter Alexander; but most Macedonians saw it as a threat to their own privileged position. Alexander, (born July 20, 1893, Athens—died Oct. 25, 1920, Tatoi Palace, near Athens), king of Greece from 1917 to 1920. In reconciliation Alexander married her, and the rest of his opponents were either won over or crushed. He found that his treasurer, Harpalus, evidently fearing punishment for peculation, had absconded with 6,000 mercenaries and 5,000 talents to Greece; arrested in Athens, he escaped and later was murdered in Crete. He was born on 1 August 1893 (21 July O.S.) https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-king-of-Greece, First World War - Biography of Alexander, King of Greece, JewishEncyclopedia.com - Biography of Alexander, King of Greece, Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Alexander, King of Greece. Januar 1993 in East Sussex, England) war seit 1944 die Ehefrau von König Peter II. Alexander the Great's conquests freed the West from the menace of Persian rule and spread Greek civilization and culture into Asia and Egypt. Introduction Alexander, The Great was son of king called Philip II of Macedonia. The Phoenician cities Marathus and Aradus came over quietly, and Parmenio was sent ahead to secure Damascus and its rich booty, including Darius’s war chest. There was much speculation about the cause of death, and the most popular theories claim that he either contracted malaria or typhoid fever or that he was poisoned. Alexander now planned to recall Antipater and supersede him by Craterus, but he was to die before this could be done. Alexander’s second in command was Parmenio, who had secured a foothold in Asia Minor during Philip’s lifetime; many of his family and supporters were entrenched in positions of responsibility. Alexander had on several occasions encouraged favourable comparison of his own accomplishments with those of Dionysus or Heracles. von Jugoslawien und somit für ein Jahr Königin von Jugoslawien im Exil. Humans cannot help but look for meaning in everything around us. Omissions? The cities perforce complied, but often ironically: the Spartan decree read, “Since Alexander wishes to be a god, let him be a god.”. In spring 326, crossing the Indus near Attock, Alexander entered Taxila, whose ruler, Taxiles, furnished elephants and troops in return for aid against his rival Porus, who ruled the lands between the Hydaspes (modern Jhelum) and the Acesines (modern Chenāb). As Mazaeus’s appointment indicated, Alexander’s views on the empire were changing. Rathbone Professor Emeritus of Ancient History and Classical Archaeology, University of Liverpool. Conqueror and king of Macedonia, Alexander the Great was born on July 20, 356 B.C., in Pella, in the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia. Shortly after Alexander’s accession to the throne, Eleuthérios Venizélos became premier of Greece, dominating Alexander and the government. Updates? Turning, Alexander found Darius drawn up along the Pinarus River. In Aria he reduced Satibarzanes, who had offered submission only to revolt, and he founded Alexandria of the Arians (modern Herāt). Mosaic of Alexander the Great discovered in the House of the Faun, Pompeii, Italy. During his youth, Alexander showed great observational powers when he tamed the wild horse Bucephalus. Crushing the mountain tribe of the Ouxians, he now pressed on over the Zagros range into Persia proper and, successfully turning the Pass of the Persian Gates, held by the satrap Ariobarzanes, he entered Persepolis and Pasargadae. Alexander (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, Aléxandros; 1 August 1893 – 25 October 1920) was King of Greece from 11 June 1917 until his death from the effects of a monkey The Companion cavalry was reorganized in two sections, each containing four squadrons (now known as hipparchies); one group was commanded by Alexander’s oldest friend, Hephaestion, the other by Cleitus, an older man. In spring 334 he crossed the Dardanelles, leaving Antipater, who had already faithfully served his father, as his deputy in Europe with over 13,000 men; he himself commanded about 30,000 foot and over 5,000 cavalry, of whom nearly 14,000 were Macedonians and about 7,000 allies sent by the Greek League. But in pitched battle the striking force was the cavalry, and the core of the army, should the issue still remain undecided after the cavalry charge, was the infantry phalanx, 9,000 strong, armed with 13-foot spears and shields, and the 3,000 men of the royal battalions, the hypaspists. In spring 330 Alexander marched north into Media and occupied its capital. The second son of King Constantine (ruled 1913–17 and 1920–22) and Queen Sophia, Alexander became king (June 12, 1917) when his father was forced by the Allies of World War I to abdicate and thereby allow his country to join them in the war. The struggle turned into a Persian rout and Darius fled, leaving his family in Alexander’s hands; the women were treated with chivalrous care. Alexander of Greece fordítása a angol - magyar szótárban, a Glosbe ingyenes online szótárcsaládjában. Alexander the Great leading his forces against the retreating Persian army led by Darius III at the Battle of Issus in 333. He is also said to have sent an expedition to discover the causes of the flooding of the Nile. Suddenly, in Babylon, while busy with plans to improve the irrigation of the Euphrates and to settle the coast of the Persian Gulf, Alexander was taken ill after a prolonged banquet and drinking bout; 10 days later, on June 13, 323, he died in his 33rd year; he had reigned for 12 years and eight months. Geography has greatly influenced the country’s development. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Alexander now proceeded farther with the policy of replacing senior officials and executing defaulting governors on which he had already embarked before leaving India. Die Deluxe Zimmer wurden im Jahr 2018 rennoviert, sowie das Restaurant, Roof Top Cocktail Bar und Pool des Hotels. This army was to prove remarkable for its balanced combination of arms. It was probably in connection with a general order now sent out to the Greeks to honour Hephaestion as a hero that Alexander linked the demand that he himself should be accorded divine honours. In addition, Persian nobles had been accepted into the royal cavalry bodyguard. When Miletus, encouraged by the proximity of the Persian fleet, resisted, Alexander took it by assault, but, refusing a naval battle, he disbanded his own costly navy and announced that he would “defeat the Persian fleet on land,” by occupying the coastal cities. He had come to envisage a joint ruling people consisting of Macedonians and Persians, and this served to augment the misunderstanding that now arose between him and his people. Intelligence on both sides was faulty, and Alexander was already encamped by Myriandrus (near modern İskenderun, Turkey) when he learned that Darius was astride his line of communications at Issus, north of Alexander’s position (autumn 333). He was born at the place called Pella Macedonia. Before Alexander was able to pursue that objective, however, he was bitten by a pet monkey and died from blood poisoning. The march was attended with much fighting and heavy, pitiless slaughter; at the storming of one town of the Malli near the Hydraotes (Ravi) River, Alexander received a severe wound which left him weakened. Alexander thus underlined his Panhellenic policy, already symbolized in the sending of 300 panoplies (sets of armour) taken at the Granicus as an offering dedicated to Athena at Athens by “Alexander son of Philip and the Greeks (except the Spartans) from the barbarians who inhabit Asia.” (This formula, cited by the Greek historian Arrian in his history of Alexander’s campaigns, is noteworthy for its omission of any reference to Macedonia.) Alexander’s march through Gedrosia proved disastrous; waterless desert and shortage of food and fuel caused great suffering, and many, especially women and children, perished in a sudden monsoon flood while encamped in a wadi. Already in his lifetime the subject of fabulous stories, he later became the hero of a full-scale legend bearing only the sketchiest resemblance to his historical career. How far the rigour that from now onward Alexander displayed against his governors represents exemplary punishment for gross maladministration during his absence and how far the elimination of men he had come to distrust (as in the case of Philotas and Parmenio) is debatable; but the ancient sources generally favourable to him comment adversely on his severity. The army was accompanied by surveyors, engineers, architects, scientists, court officials, and historians; from the outset Alexander seems to have envisaged an unlimited operation. 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